昨晚一条的突发新闻刷爆各大社交媒体、新闻平台，台前的光鲜靓丽掩盖不了背后的落寞抑郁。随着现代社会人们压力越来越大，想必人前风光，人后抑郁的人也越来越多，抑郁症也成为一个广为人知的心理疾病。今天文波教育就来带大家了解一下抑郁症（depression），同时让大家练习一下心理学范畴的阅读。
根据世界卫生组织（WHO）的定义，抑郁症是一种常见精神疾患，患者心情郁闷，丧失兴趣或享受感，产生负罪感，或自尊心不足，睡眠和食欲紊乱，身体疲倦，注意力不易集中。抑郁症可能长期存在，或经常复发，从而严重影响个人的工作或学习能力或日常生活能力。最严重时，抑郁症可引致自杀。轻微的抑郁症患者不用药物即可处理，而中度或重度抑郁症患者则可能需要药物治疗以及更专业的治疗。
Depression is a common mental disorder, characterized by sadness, loss of interest or pleasure, feelings of guilt or low self-worth, disturbed sleep or appetite, feelings of tiredness, and poor concentration. Depression can be long-lasting or recurrent, substantially impairing an individual’s ability to function at work or school or cope with daily life. At its most severe, depression can lead to suicide. When mild, people can be treated without medicines but when depression is moderate or severe they may need medication and professional talking treatments.
类型和症状
根据症状的数量和严重程度，可将抑郁发作分为轻度、中度或重度。
另一个关键区别是看抑郁症患者是否有躁狂发作史。这两类抑郁症都可以是慢性的（即延续较长时间），时有复发，尤其是在无治疗的情况下。
复发性抑郁症：该病症涉及反复性抑郁发作。在发作期，患者心情郁闷，丧失兴趣或享受感，且精力不足，连续两周以上乏力少动。许多患者出现焦虑症状，睡眠和食欲紊乱，并可能丧失自尊心或产生负罪感，注意力不易集中，甚至出现医学上无法解释的症状。
轻度抑郁发作者继续从事日常工作和社会活动有一定难度，但也许不会完全丧失活动能力。而重度抑郁发作时，患者就不太可能继续从事社会活动、工作和家务，即使从事这类活动，程度也极为有限。
双相情感障碍：这类抑郁症通常有躁狂期和抑郁期，在两者之间有情绪正常期。躁狂发作时，情绪亢奋或烦躁，过度活跃，急于表达，自尊心膨胀，睡眠需求减少。
Types and symptoms
Depending on the number and severity of symptoms, a depressive episode can be categorized as mild,moderate, or severe.
A key distinction is also made between depression in people who have or do not have a history of manicepisodes. Both types of depression can be chronic (i.e. over an extended period of time) with relapses, especially if they go untreated.
Recurrent depressive disorder: this disorder involves repeated depressive episodes. During these episodes, the person experiences depressed mood, loss of interest and enjoyment, and reduced energy leading to diminished activity for at least twoweeks. Many people with depression also suffer from anxiety symptoms, disturbed sleep and appetite and may have feelings of guilt or low self-worth, poorconcentration and even medically unexplained symptoms.
An individual with a mild depressive episode will have some difficulty in continuing with ordinary workand social activities, but will probably not cease to function completely. During a severe depressive episode, it is very unlikely that the sufferer will be able to continue with social, work, or domestic activities, except to a very limited extent.
Bipolar affective disorder: this type of depression typically consists of both manic and depressive episodes separated by periods of normal mood. Manic episodes involve elevatedor irritable mood, over-activity, pressure of speech, inflated self-esteem and a decreased need for sleep.
成因和预防
抑郁症是社会、心理和生理因素复杂的相互作用产生的结果。在生活中遇有不利事件（失业、丧亲之痛、心理创伤）的人更易罹患抑郁症。抑郁症可导致更大的压力和功能障碍，影响患者的生活并加剧抑郁症状。
抑郁症与身体健康状况相互关联。例如，心血管疾病可导致抑郁症，反之亦然。
事实证明，开展预防规划可以减少抑郁症。社区可为预防抑郁症采取有效措施，包括在学校开展规划增强儿童和青少年积极思考的方式。针对有行为问题儿童的父母采取干预措施可以减轻父母的抑郁症状，并改善其子女的行为。开展老人体育运动规划也可有效预防抑郁症。
Contributing factors and prevention
Depression results from a complex interaction of social, psychological and biological factors. People who have gone through adverse life events (unemployment, bereavement, psychological trauma) are more likely to develop depression. Depression can, in turn, lead to more stress and dysfunction and worsen the affected person’s life situation and depression itself.
There are interrelationships between depression and physical health. For example, cardiovascular disease can lead to depression and vice versa.
Prevention programmes have been shown to reduce depression. Effective community approaches to prevent depression include school-based programmes to enhance a pattern of positive thinking in children and adolescents. Interventions for parents of children with behavioural problems may reduce parental depressive symptoms and improve outcomes for their children. Exercise programmes for the elderly can also be effective in depression prevention.
了解了抑郁症，也同时练习了阅读，希望同学们在准备PTE的道路上可以多跟老师沟通，让老师来解开你的困惑，不要自己钻牛角尖，闭门造车。也希望同学们可以早点跟PTE分手。
