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Everything that can be invented has been invented. This was said 110 years ago by the Commissioner of the U.S. Patent Officer in justifying why he thought his office should be closed. The same optimism has characterized the current era that we often talk about the knowledge economy, the information age. Listen to this quote: “The powers of mind are everywhere ascendant over the brute force of things.” This has caused an economist, for example, to argue that we should no longer be emphasizing the physical capital in our models of growth but intangible capital which includes R&D, patents, number of scientists which we didn’t include in our growth models in the past. And this is translated into economy policy both at the national and transnational level in terms of convincing countries to spend a lot of money on R&D, for example, the Lisbon agenda trying to convince European countries to spend at least 3% of their GDP on research and development. You would think that these policies actually had a micro economic foundation, for example, that we could actually show that firms have spent more on R&D or that patent more, actually grow more. But interestingly, we don’t actually have any of these results. No studies have shown that in a really rigorous way. In fact, some studies have ever shown a negative relationship. My co-author and I have found that in the pharmaceutical industry in fact most firms don’t reap any progress benefit from their research and development. Only those with certain types of characteristics in place. Now this suggests what policies should be doing in emphasizing those mix of characteristics that must be in place in order for research and development to actually affect the growth of firms. Instead we’re just asking firms to spend a lot on RND.
